Stephen Jay Gould

Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002) was a paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and one of the most prolific science essayists ever. His monthly column in Natural History ran for 27 years — 300 consecutive essays.

His writing braids explanation with history, taxonomy, and intellectual autobiography. He understood that essays express the personal thoughts of authors; that’s the genre’s definition. The reader watches a mind in motion, not just a conclusion delivered.

His signature move: edge cases as truth tests. He used weird exceptions (the panda’s thumb, the flamingo’s smile) to illuminate what the rule really is. One deep example that forces the reader to update beats ten that merely confirm.

Gould also championed punctuated equilibrium (with Niles Eldredge): evolution proceeds in bursts, not steady gradation. The pattern appears in his prose too — long stability punctuated by sudden insight.