Ivan Illich

Ivan Illich (1926–2002) was a priest, philosopher, and social critic who challenged institutions others took for granted. Schools disable learning. Hospitals create patients. Cars destroy the commons they were meant to serve.

His key concept: conviviality. A convivial tool extends human capability without creating dependence or monopoly. A bicycle is convivial; a car system that mandates highways, licenses, and fuel infrastructure is not. The tool that seems to liberate eventually dominates.

He named radical monopoly — when a technology becomes so embedded that alternatives disappear. You must drive because walking is now illegal or impossible. The compulsory school system teaches mainly that learning requires schooling.

Illich’s critique remains uncomfortable: what looks like progress may be a new form of captivity.

Related: [[conviviality]], [[radical-monopoly]], [[tools]], [[high-modernism]]